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Clinical Chemistry 50: 1095-1097, 2004; 10.1373/clinchem.2003.028001
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(Clinical Chemistry. 2004;50:1095-1097.)
© 2004 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.

Technical Briefs

Haptoglobin Phenotypes in Epilepsy

Sayed M.H. Sadrzadeha, Yasi Saffari and Jafar Bozorgmehr

1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98104

aauthor for correspondence: fax 206-731-3930, e-mail sadrzade@u.washington.edu

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.

Seizures occur in ~5% of people, and recur in >20% of that 5% (1)(2). The etiologies of most seizures are unknown, and head trauma is implicated in only 5–10% of cases (3). Blood or blood components, specifically iron, may be etiologically important; intracranial injection of hemoglobin (4), lysed erythrocytes (5), iron-containing proteins (5), or iron salts (6) produced chronic focal spike activity in rodents and cats. Because microhemorrhagic events occur in the central nervous system of all people, inadequate clearance of iron-rich (7) hemoglobin might underlie development of some seizure disorders.

Haptoglobin binds free hemoglobin and removes it from the circulation (8), thus preventing iron loss and kidney damage during hemolysis (9). Haptoglobin contains ß- (heavy; 40 kDa) and {alpha}- (light; {alpha}1 = 8.9 kDa and {alpha}2 = 16 kDa) chains. Humans are polymorphic for haptoglobin, with three major phenotypes: Hp 1-1, Hp 2-2, and the heterozygous Hp 2-1 (10). The ß-chains are identical in all, with variations dependent on different {alpha}-chains. Hp 1-1 expresses only the {alpha}1-chain and is the smallest form (86 kDa). Hp 2-1 and Hp 2-2 express {alpha}2-chains, which can form polymers of 86–300 kDa (Hp 2-1) and up to 900 kDa (Hp 2-2) (10). Hp 1-1 is biologically the most effective in binding free hemoglobin and suppressing inflammatory responses associated with extracellular (free) hemoglobin (9). In contrast, Hp 2-2 is the least effective (11). The plasma concentrations of haptoglobin are highest in individuals with Hp 1-1 and lowest in those with Hp 2-2, with intermediate concentrations in Hp 2-1 individuals (. . . [Full Text of this Article]




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Affinity of Haptoglobin Polymers for Hemoglobin
Toshio Okazaki, et al.
Clinical Chemistry Online, 24 Jan 2005 [Full text]

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