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Clinical Chemistry 53: 1874, 2007; 10.1373/clinchem.2007.092759
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(Clinical Chemistry. 2007;53:1874.)
© 2007 American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc.

Letters to the Editor

Nanotechnology and Immunoassay

Samuel I. Stolpera, Sonny S. Mark, Jason Y. Park and Larry J. Kricka

Center for Biomedical, Micro and Nanotechnology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA

aAddress correspondence to this author at: 7.103 Founders Pavilion, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104. Fax 215-662-7529; e-mail stolper{at}mail.med.upenn.edu.


To the Editor:

The roots of nanotechnology can be traced back to colloid science in the mid-19th century. Francesco Selmi, often credited with the first true research in the field, studied the behavior of various metallic and acidic emulsions in the 1840s (1). Shortly thereafter, Michael Faraday and Thomas Graham, two scientific pioneers known primarily for their work with electricity and diffusion of gases, respectively, contributed further to the analysis of nanoparticulate suspensions, i.e., colloids. Faraday’s studies in electrochemistry naturally led him to the first experiments with colloidal gold(2), and Graham coined the term "colloid" after noting that certain substances showed slow diffusion rates through porous membranes(3).

Early applications of nanostructures in analysis included the use of colloidal gold and silver (i.e., nanosized gold and silver particles) as part of histologic stains (4). Since then, the scope of analytical applications of nanotechnology has increased considerably(5). One branch of analysis in which nanotechnology has had a significant impact is immunologic assays.

A broad range of nanostructures (e.g., spheres and tubes) are being used to push the detection limits and throughput of immunoassay technology. Metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles, for example, are gaining popularity as highly sensitive labels (e.g., in fluorescent detection and Raman tagging), and magnetic nanoparticles are being used as solid supports for immunoassays. In addition, the fabrication of nanobarcode structures has recently opened the door to the development of high-throughput multiplexed assays. Finally, the optimized design of self-assembled monolayer and nanoimprinted substrate surfaces has yielded precisely organized surface-immobilized antibodies, further improving the performance of immunoassays.

We have compiled a database of recent references that encompasses the body of research that lies at the intersection of nanotechnology and immunoassays, covering the period from 2005 to mid-2007. This database is intended to provide a comprehensive view of nanotechnology’s expanding role in immunologic techniques as well as spark a more focused effort in this area of study.

The database can be accessed at http://www.clinchem.org/content/vol53/issue10. The references are sorted by nanostructure type and by application type: (a) Nanostructure type (element and/or morphology): 1. Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAM); 2. Bacterial Magnetic Particles; 3. Carbon Nanotubes; 4. Core-Shell Particles; 5. Gold; 6. Hydroxyapatite; 7. Iron Oxides; 8. Lanthanides; 9. Liposomes; 10. Metal Phosphates; 11. Nanobarcodes; 12. Nanocrystals; 13. Nanodroplets; 14. Nanoimprint Structures; 15. Peptides; 16. Polymers; 17. Quantum Dots; 18. Silica; 19. Silver; 20. Zirconia; and (b) Application type (detection method and/or assay design): 1. Assay Design (Sandwich Immunoassays, Magnetic Separation and Support); 2. Electrochemical Detection (Amperometry, Capacitance, Resistance and Conductance, Impedance, Potentiometry, Voltammetry); 3. Magnetic Detection; 4. Optical Detection (Chemiluminescence, Chromatographic Separation, Fluorescence, Nephelometry, Phosphorescence, Resonance Scattering, Spectroscopy, Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, Surface Plasmon Resonance); 5. Mass Detection (Mass Spectrometry, Quartz Crystal Microbalance); 6. Radioisotope Detection. Some references appear more than once in each sorting, because of their relevance to multiple areas.


Acknowledgments

Grant/funding support: None declared.

Financial disclosures: None declared.


References

  1. Selmi F. Studies on the demulsion of silver chloride. Nuovi Ann Sci Nat Di Bologna series II 1845;4:146.
  2. Faraday M. The Bakerian lecture: experimental relations of gold (and other metals) to light. Philos Trans R Soc London 1857;147:145-181.[CrossRef]
  3. Graham T. Liquid diffusion applied to analysis. Philos Trans R Soc London 1861;151:183-224.[CrossRef]
  4. Liesegang RE. Die Kolloidchemie der histologischen Silberfar. Kolloidchemische Beihefte 1911;3:1-46.
  5. Schmid G eds. Nanoparticles: From Theory to Application 2004:1-3 Wiley-VCH Weinheim. .




This Article
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Right arrow Database
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the Editor about this paper
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Right arrow Articles by Kricka, L. J.
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Right arrow Other Areas of Clinical Chemistry
Right arrow Point-of-Care Testing

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