Clinical Chemistry, Vol 39, 1764-1779, Copyright © 1993 by American Association for Clinical Chemistry

Total homocysteine in plasma or serum: methods and clinical applications

PM Ueland, H Refsum, SP Stabler, MR Malinow, A Andersson and RH Allen
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Armauer Hansens Hus, University of Bergen, Norway.

Total homocysteine is defined as the sum of all homocysteine species in plasma/serum, including free and protein-bound forms. In the present review, we compare and evaluate several techniques for the determination of total homocysteine. Because these assays include the conversion of all forms into a single species by reduction, the redistribution between free and protein-bound homocysteine through disulfide interchange does not affect the results, and total homocysteine can be measured in stored samples. Total homocysteine in whole blood increases at room temperature because of a continuous production and release of homocysteine from blood cells, but artificial increase is low if the blood sample is centrifuged within 1 h of collection or placed on ice. Different methods correlate well, and values between 5 and 15 mumol/L in fasting subjects are considered normal. Total homocysteine in serum/plasma is increased markedly in patients with cobalamin or folate deficiency, and decreases only when they are treated with the deficient vitamin. Total homocysteine is therefore of value for the diagnosis and follow-up of these deficiency states and may compensate for weaknesses of the traditional laboratory tests. In addition, total homocysteine is an independent risk factor for premature cardiovascular diseases. These disorders justify introduction of the total homocysteine assay in the routine clinical chemistry laboratory.

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				I. A. Brouwer, P. Verhoef, and R. Urgert Betaine Supplementation and Plasma Homocysteine in Healthy Volunteers Arch Intern Med, September 11, 2000; 160(16): 2546 - 2547. [Full Text]

				J.-C. Minet, E. Bisse, C.-P. Aebischer, A. Beil, H. Wieland, and J. Lutschg Assessment of vitamin B-12, folate, and vitamin B-6 status and relation to sulfur amino acid metabolism in neonates Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2000; 72(3): 751 - 757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Pernet, E. Lasnier, and M. Vaubourdolle Evaluation of the AxSYM Homocysteine Assay and Comparison with the IMx Homocysteine Assay Clin. Chem., September 1, 2000; 46(9): 1440 - 1441. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. P. Liu, S. de Keczer, S. Alexander, M. Pirio, D. Davalian, N. Kurn, and E. F. Ullman Homogeneous, Rapid Luminescent Oxygen Channeling Immunoassay (LOCITM) for Homocysteine Clin. Chem., September 1, 2000; 46(9): 1506 - 1507. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Nexo, F. Engbaek, P. M. Ueland, C. Westby, P. O'Gorman, C. Johnston, B. F. Kase, A. B. Guttormsen, I. Alfheim, J. McPartlin, et al. Evaluation of Novel Assays in Clinical Chemistry: Quantification of Plasma Total Homocysteine Clin. Chem., August 1, 2000; 46(8): 1150 - 1156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-C. Essama-Tjani, J.-C. Guilland, G. Potier de Courcy, F. Fuchs, and D. Richard Folate Status Worsens in Recently Institutionalized Elderly People without Evidence of Functional Deterioration J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(3): 392 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. K. Hoogeveen, P. J. Kostense, C. Jakobs, J. M. Dekker, G. Nijpels, R. J. Heine, L. M. Bouter, and C. D. A. Stehouwer Hyperhomocysteinemia Increases Risk of Death, Especially in Type 2 Diabetes : 5-Year Follow-Up of the Hoorn Study Circulation, April 4, 2000; 101(13): 1506 - 1511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-L. Chao, T.-L. Kuo, and Y.-T. Lee Effects of Methionine-Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia on Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation and Oxidative Status in Healthy Adults Circulation, February 8, 2000; 101(5): 485 - 490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Foody, J. A. Milberg, K. Robinson, G. L. Pearce, D. W. Jacobsen, and D. L. Sprecher Homocysteine and Lipoprotein(a) Interact to Increase CAD Risk in Young Men and Women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2000; 20(2): 493 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Pardo, Y. Peled, J. Bar, M. Hod, B.A. Sela, Z.B. Rafael, and R. Orvieto Evaluation of low serum vitamin B12 in the non-anaemic pregnant patient Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2000; 15(1): 224 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Gempel, K.-D. Gerbitz, B. Casetta, and M. F. Bauer Rapid Determination of Total Homocysteine in Blood Spots by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Clin. Chem., January 1, 2000; 46(1): 122 - 123. [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Fonseca, S. C. Guba, and L. M. Fink Hyperhomocysteinemia and the Endocrine System: Implications for Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Endocr. Rev., October 1, 1999; 20(5): 738 - 759. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. Lupattelli, S. Rufini, E. H. Locati, R. Lombardini, G. Ciuffetti, D. Siepi, E. Mannarino, and G. Lupattelli Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia Is Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis Angiology, October 1, 1999; 50(10): 823 - 830. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. G. Bostom, I. H. Rosenberg, H. Silbershatz, P. F. Jacques, J. Selhub, R. B. D'Agostino, P. W.F. Wilson, and P. A. Wolf Nonfasting Plasma Total Homocysteine Levels and Stroke Incidence in Elderly Persons: The Framingham Study Ann Intern Med, September 7, 1999; 131(5): 352 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kunz, P. Petitjean, M. Lisri, F. Chantrel, C. Koehl, M.-L. Wiesel, J.-P. Cazenave, B. Moulin, and T. P. Hannedouche Cardiovascular morbidity and endothelial dysfunction in chronic haemodialysis patients: is homocyst(e)ine the missing link? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 1999; 14(8): 1934 - 1942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Pfeiffer, D. L. Huff, S. J. Smith, D. T. Miller, and E. W. Gunter Comparison of Plasma Total Homocysteine Measurements in 14 Laboratories: An International Study Clin. Chem., August 1, 1999; 45(8): 1261 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Bostom, H. Silbershatz, I. H. Rosenberg, J. Selhub, R. B. D'Agostino, P. A. Wolf, P. F. Jacques, and P. W. F. Wilson Nonfasting Plasma Total Homocysteine Levels and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Elderly Framingham Men and Women Arch Intern Med, May 24, 1999; 159(10): 1077 - 1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. De Laet, J.-C. Wautrecht, D. Brasseur, M. Dramaix, J.-M. Boeynaems, J. Decuyper, and A. Kahn Plasma homocysteine concentrations in a Belgian school-age population Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 1999; 69(5): 968 - 972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]